Amber Valley – African-Americans Fleeing Jim Crow Laws Homestead Thriving All-Black Settlement In Northern Alberta
Whether it’s Markerville or St. Albert, Hussar or Vegreville, many Alberta towns owe their start to immigrants seeking a better life. Some were escaping unemployment or religious persecution in their homelands, but in the case of Amber Valley, racism forced them from the United States.
“They were running away from terrible oppression and violence,” said Cheryl Foggo, an award-winning Calgary author and playwright featured in a new documentary airing Feb. 2, coinciding with Black History Month. Secret Alberta: The Former Life of Amber Valley, by Spotlight Productions, documents the history of black settlements in Alberta.
Most of the black pioneers came from Oklahoma, which began to segregate “whites” and “coloured” in 1907. The situation deteriorated into outbreaks of racial violence, including lynchings, and the revival of the notorious Ku Klux Klan.
The settlers came north a few at a time, then a few hundred, and by 1911 about 1,000 had arrived and established five predominantly black communities, including Amber Valley, 100 kilometres north of Edmonton. That caused a backlash in the province, with several boards of trade petitioning Ottawa to stop the settlements.
To her ancestors, it was the Promised Land.
To Myrna Wisdom, it was home.
Though few traces of Amber Valley still exist, the forgotten town about 100 km north of Edmonton was once a thriving all-black settlement of homesteaders.
Hundreds of African-Americans, fleeing escalating racial violence and the segregation of newly enacted Jim Crow laws, left the United States and settled in Alberta.
‘They weren’t prepared’
By the time Wisdom was a young girl, Amber Valley was bustling — with an all-black school, its own post office and church, and a highly competitive baseball team.
“I don’t know why people don’t know about it,” said Wisdom, who contributed to a new documentary called Secret Alberta: The Former Life of Amber Valley, which aired for the first time last week. “We have been here for over 100 years.”
Thomas Mapp with family and relatives from Amber Valley, Alta. (Glenbow Archives)
Enticed by the promise of free land, the black settlers came north, first a few at a time, then by the hundreds. By 1911, about 1,000 had crossed the border.
Facing racial hostility, and some of the harshest conditions imaginable, the pioneers not only survived but thrived.
“My grandfather, he talked about it a lot,” said Wisdom, who now acts as the community’s historian. “They found it extremely difficult, because it was so darn cold and they weren’t prepared.
“They did the best they could, considering that my grandfather came from the south. My dad came to Amber Valley as a child, and they carved out a living.”
By 1910, some 300 people, largely freemen from Oklahoma — where small settlements of freed slaves had taken root after the American Civil War — had moved into the Amber Valley area, east of Athabasca.
The community was founded by five original families, after a trio of scouts travelled north to survey the area.
“They came and decided that this was a good place for them to come. The fact that it was all bush didn’t seem to dissuade them,” said Wisdom.
“And one of the scouts, Parson Sneed, went back to Oklahoma to tell these people that he had found what he termed was the Promised Land. And I always thought, ‘Lord, have Mercy, why the heck did they have to come so far?’ ”
‘We were deemed unsuitable’
The first wave of settlers — including Wisdom’s grandfather — made their way north and braved a hostile border crossing, where officials had been instructed to scrutinize African-American immigrants for any medical or “moral” conditions that would justify their exclusion.
In this photograph from the late 1940s, farmer J. D. Edwards stands beside a grain field in Amber Valley, Alta. (Glenbow Archives)
After rigorous medical examinations that included their children and livestock, the group was granted entry. They rode the train from the border to Edmonton, then followed the dusty wagon road to Amber Valley.
“We were deemed unsuitable for this environment and for this locale,” said Edmonton musician Junetta Jamerson, whose family settled in nearby Wildwood. “When they came, there was vicious anti-black racism, reaching up to some of the highest levels of influence in our province.”
Life was harsh, especially during those first few winters. Food and money were sparse. Lured by promises of sun-swept prairies ripe for farming, they had unwittingly signed up for a bug-infested swamp.
‘It was all muskeg, and bush and black flies’
While a few settlers managed to find abandoned land claims that had already been cleared, most plots were thick with trees. They toiled long days cutting timber and hauling rocks from the thick bush.
Most had to wait two years or more before they could harvest their first crops.
Mainly cut off from the outside world, the racial tensions of the day were overshadowed by the challenges of pioneering life.
“They had to cut their own road through there, if you can imagine,” said Wisdom. “It was all muskeg, and bush and black flies, which caused some real problems for them.
“There were a lot of Ukrainians in that area, and they too had suffered some form of persecution. So they depended on each other, because you had to in those days.”
Not much remains of Amber Valley. The few homes still standing have, for the most part, been reduced to listing skeletons of weathered clapboard.
When Wisdom looks at the rotting remnants of her old home, she can’t help but feel grateful.
“I’m just so glad they came,” she said. “I’m very, very grateful that they had the foresight to want a better life, and did what they did so we could grow up and be who we wanted to be.”
The Amber Valley Baseball Team, founded in 1928, was famous for its competitive swagger. (Glenbow Archives)
Article sources:
‘Secret Alberta’: New documentary brings Amber Valley back to life
By Wallis Snowdon, CBC News Posted: Feb 06, 2017
New documentary examines forgotten Alberta history
by Michele Jarvie, Calgary Herald
Published on: February 1, 2017
Photo Credit:
Provincial Archives of Alberta
Title: Amber Valley, Alberta
Object Number: A4878
Notes: View of an old building used for food storage in Amber Valley, Alberta.
Creator: Orn, Joseph
Date: [19-]
